Statistical models are made up of variables and parameters.Parameters are not measured an are (usually) constants. Scientists are usually interested in finding results that apply to an entire population of entities.Populations can be very general or very narrow.Usually, scientists strive to infer things abut general populations rather than narrow ones.We collect data from a smaller subset of the population known as a sample, and use these data to infer things about the population as a whole.The bigger the sample, the more likely it is to reflect the whole population. The models need to be as accurate as possible so that the prediction we make about the real world are accurate too.The degree to which a statistical model represents the data collected is known as the fit of the model.The data we observe can be predicted from the model we choose to fit plus some amount of error. StatisticsChapter 2The spine of statisticsWhat is the spine of statistics?The spine of statistics: (an acronym for)Standard errorParametersInterval estimates (confidence intervals)Null hypotheses significance testingEstimation Testing hypotheses involves building statistical models of the phenomenon of interest.Scientists build (statistical) models of real-world processes to predict how these processes operate under certain conditions. (independent)Outcome variable: a variable thought to change as a function of changes in. A prediction tells us something about the hypotheses from which it derived.Falsification: the act of disproving a hypotheses or theory.Collecting data: measurement Independent and dependent variable Variables: things that can changeIndependent variable: a variable thought to be the cause of some effect.Dependent variable: a variable thought to be affected by changes in an independent variable.Predictor variable: a variable thought to predict an outcome variable. The software is identical.StatisticsChapter 1Why is my evil lecturer forcing me to learn statistics? Initial observation: finding something that needs explainingTo see whether an observation is true, you need to define one or more variables to measure that quantify the thing you’re trying to measure.Generating and testing theories and hypotheses A theory: an explanation or set of principles that is well substantiated by repeated testing and explains a broad phenomenon.A hypotheses: a proposed explanation for a fairly narrow phenomenon or set of observations.An informed, theory-driven attempt to explain what has been observed.A theory explains a wide set of phenomena with a small set of well-established principles.A hypotheses typically seeks to explain a narrower phenomenon and is, as yet, untested.Both theories and hypotheses exist in the conceptual domain, and you cannot observe them directly.To test a hypotheses, we need to operationalize our hypotheses in a way that enables us to collect and analyse data that have a bearing on the hypotheses.Predictions emerge from a hypotheses. Q: What is the difference between the student and departmental version of SPSS?Ī: The price is $90 for students and $105 for departments, faculty, and staff. See the department, faculty, and staff SPSS page for other Frequently Asked Questions for SPSS. Customer Service: E-Mail: Asked Questions:.Support Website: IBM SPSS Technical Support.All versions of SPSS from the U of T Licensed Software Office must be renewed annually. On-line software activation required on all versions of SPSS. Students can focus on statistics instead of spending time writing program code. Its menu-driven system for selecting various statistical analyses and report writing make it a favourite for many introductory statistics courses. It is used in a wide variety of disciplines. SPSS is a powerful, feature-rich, statistical analysis program. Purchase online at while on the UofT network (wired and wireless).
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |